The reputed home of the biblical Garden of Eden, Iraq’s swamplands have been battered by 3 years of drought and low rainfall, as well as reduced water flows along rivers and tributaries originating in neighbouring Turkey and Iran.
Vast expanses of the once lush Huwaizah Marshes, straddling the border with Iran, have been baked dry, their vegetation yellowing. Stretches of the Chibayish Marshes, which are popular with tourists, are suffering the same fate.
Southern Iraq’s marshlands were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2016, both for their biodiversity and their ancient history.
“The marshes are our livelihood—we used to fish here and our livestock could graze and drink,” said Gassed, 35, from a hamlet near Huwaizah.
Like his father before him, Gassed raises buffaloes, but only five of the family’s around 30 animals are left. The others died or were sold as the family struggles to make ends meet.
Family members watch carefully over those that remain, fearful that the weak, underfed beasts might fall in the mud and die.
“We have been protesting for more than two years and no one is listening,” Gassed said.
“We are at a loss where to go. Our lives are over.”
The wetlands have sporadically gone through years of harsh drought in the past, before being revived by good rainy seasons.
But between August 2020 and this month, 46% of the swamplands of southern Iraq, including Huwaizah and Chibayish, suffered total surface water loss.
Another 41% of marsh areas suffered from reduced water levels and wetness.
The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization in Iraq said the marshes were “one of the poorest regions in Iraq and one of the most affected by the climate change”, warning of “unprecedented low water levels”.
It noted the “disastrous impact” on more than 6,000 families who “are losing their buffaloes, their unique living asset”.
Biodiversity is also at risk. The swamplands provide a home for “numerous populations of threatened species”, and are an important stopping point for around 200 species of migratory water birds.
Environmental activist Ahmed Saleh Neema said there were “no more fish”, wild boar or even a subspecies of smooth-coated otter in the marshes.
He said the Huwaizah swamplands were irrigated by two tributaries of the Tigris River, which originates in Turkey, but that their flows had dropped.
On the Iranian side, the Huwaizah Marshes, called Hoor al-Azim, are also suffering.
“The wetland is facing water stress and currently about half of its Iranian part has dried up,” Iran’s state news agency IRNA reported recently.
Hatem Hamid, who heads the Iraqi government’s water management center, said that “on the Iranian side, the main river that feeds the Huwaizah marsh has been totally cut for more than a year”.
In Chibayish, the effects of the drought are all too clear to Ali Jawad, who said dozens of families had left his hamlet.
“They migrated towards other regions, looking for areas where there is water,” the 20-year-old said.
“Before, when we used to come to the marshes, there was greenery, water, inner peace,” he added.
“Now it’s like a desert.”